THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


Modern    Shorthand 

Adapted  from  the  Benn  Pitman 


ARRANGED    SPECIALLY 

FOR  CLASS  USE 

BY 

BANKS    BUSINESS    COLLEGE 

(INCORPORATED) 

PHILADELPHIA 


NINTH    EDITION 
191 1 


Copyright  1901,  1902,  1903,  1904,  1905,  1906,  1907,  1908,  1909,  1910,  1911. 

by 
Banks  Business  College,  Inc. 


Ti 
I 

PREFACE  TO  THE   NINTH   EDITION 


In  presenting  the  Ninth  Edition  of  Modern  Shorthand, 
the  Revising  Committee  believes  that  the  book  is  in  better  con- 
dition than  ever  before  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a  class- 
room in  which  there  is  individual  instruction. 

In  view  of  the  exceedingly  satisfactory  results  which  have 
attended  the  use  of  this  book  from  its  very  beginning,  there 
have  been  but  few  departures  from  the  original  text;  the  ob- 
ject of  the  Authors  being  conciseness  of  statement  with  con- 
sistent clearness. 

Illustrations  sufficiently  large  to  leave  no  doubt  in  the 
mind  of  the  pupil  as  to  the  exact  structure  of  the  words,  the 
teaching  of  the  vowels  across  the  positions,  and  an  exception- 
ally clever  list  of  sentences  containing  word  signs,  are  new 
features  of  this  edition. 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 

191 1 


PREFACE 


After  many  years'  experience  in  teaching,  and  having  care- 
fully examined  all  of  the  standard  text-books  of  Shorthand, 
we  have  decided  to  present  this  book  to  students  of  Phono- 
graphy, believing  that  the  clear,  logical  method  of  presenting 
the  subject  will  help  to  do  away  with  the  terrors  which  now 
envelop  the  study,  because  of  many  rules,  exceptions,  multi- 
plicity of  useless  word  signs,  etc.,  which  serve  only  to  burden 
the  mind  and  are  forgotten  because  of  non-use. 

We  do  not  enter  into  a  learned  discourse  as  to  the  origin 
and  inception  of  shorthand;  we  do  not  call  principles  and 
groups  of  consonants  by  technical  terms,  fcut  strive  simply  to 
prove  to  students  that  the  theory  of  shorthand  is  simple  when 
portrayed  in  a  logical  manner. 

The  system  is  Benn  Pitman  up  to  date,  progressive,  cap- 
able of  any  speed,  and  yet  so  easily  written  and  legible,  that  it 
is  aptly  termed  "  The  Standard  System  of  America." 


MODERN  SHORTHAND 

The  primary  object  of  shorthand  is  to  provide  a  simpler, 
quicker  way  of  representing  sounds  and  words  than  the  one 
now  employed.  To  this  end  the  cumbersome  method  of 
spelling  is  discarded,  the  actual  sounds  only  being  designated 
by  easily  written  characters.  The  first  step  is,  therefore,  the 
learning  of  the  alphabet,  the  consonants  of  which  are  studied 

first  and  the  vowels  afterward. 

/ 

CONSONANTS 


All  the  strokes  are  written  downward  with  the  exception 
of  La,  Ra,  Ha  and  Sha.  The  horizontal  strokes  are  struck 
from  left  to  right.  As  these  strokes  form  the  basis  of  all  the 
following  shorthand  work,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that  the 
student  know  them  thoroughly. 

NOTE — La  written  upward,  and  L  written  downward,  both  repre- 
sent the  sound  of  L,  the  two  strokes  merely  being  for  use  at  the  be- 
ginning and  end  of  a  word.  The  same  is  true  of  Ra  and  R,  which 
represent  the  sound  of  R;  and  Sha  and  Ish,  which  represent  the  sound 
of  Sh. 

It  may  be  interesting  for  the  student  to  learn  how  these 
characters  are  derived,  and  the  following  diagrams  are  sub- 
mitted (page  6).  The  two  circles  cut  into  parts,  as  shown, 
comprise  every  consonant  in  the  alphabet  except  Ra  and  Ha. 


JOINED  CONSONANTS 

It  will  be  noted  that  these  characters  are  but  component 
parts  of  a  word  which  contains  more  than  one  consonant,  and 
that  the  proper  joining  of  consonants  forms  the  skeleton  out- 
line of  a  word.  Much  practice  should  be  devoted  to  the  joining 
of  consonants,  the  second  stroke  beginning  where  the  first 
ended,  the  third  where  the  second  ended,  and  so  on,  the  pen 
never  being  raised  from  the  paper  until  the  whole  outline  is 
completed.  The  strokes  should  be  of  uniform  length,  and  the 
angles  of  joining  made  as  sharp  as  possible. 

EXERCISE 

1.  P-P,  P-T,  P-J,  P-K,  P-Ith,  P-S,  P-Ish,  P-La,  P-Ra. 

2.  T-B,  T-D,  T-Cha,  T-Ga,  T-Ith,  T-Z,  D-Ish,  T-L,  T-Ra, 
D-Mp,  T-R. 

3.  Cha-P,  Cha-T,  J-J,  Cha-K,  Cha-F,  Cha-Z,  Cha-Ra,  J-Mb, 
Cha-N. 

4.  K-T,  K-P,  K-J,  K-La,  Ga-V,  K-S,  K-Ish,  K-Ra. 

5.  V-D,  F-T,  F-Ith,  F-Ish,  F-M,  V-T,  F-N,  V-La. 

6.  Ith-T,  Ith-K,  Ith-V,  The-T,  Ith-M,  Ith-Cha,  The-S,  Ith- 
Ng,  Ith-Ra. 

7.  Ish-D,  Ish-F,  Ish-Z,  Zhe-R,  Ish-M,  Ish-K,  Ish-R,  Ish-B, 
Ish-N. 

8.  La-P-T,  La-T-R,  La-F-Ng,  La-La,  La-N-Cha,  La-K-T. 

9.  L-Ga-N,  L-M-Ra,  L-N-T,  L-M-N,  L-R-M. 

10.  Ra-D-La,  Ra-F-T,  Ra-Cha-Ng,  R-M-J,  R-K-V. 

n.  P-T-Ra,  M-K-L,  M-J-K,  M-La-S,  Wa-La-D. 

12.  Ya-K-M,  Ha-P-La,  Ha-N-T,  Ha-S-T-La. 

13.  F-K-T-Ra,  V-La-K-N,  T-Ra-F-Ng. 

14.  K-N-D-La-R,  V-La-N-T-N,  La-K-M-T-V. 

15.  P-D-La-R,  Ga-Ha-N-M,  F-L-M-R,  La-Ha-V-La. 


i6:  Mp-Ra-L,  Ra-D-N-T,  V-S-T-Ga,  D-Ga-R-M. 

17.  S-M-F-L,  Ha-V-N-L,  F-Ith-Ga-N,  L-R-M-Ha. 

18.  Cha-Mp-N-D,  S-N-D-Ra,  Ng-K-Mp-L,  K-M-T-La. 

19.  Ha-Ra-S-Ga,  Wa-La-M-R,  Ya-Ra-Ha-V,  The-Ith-Ra-L. 

20.  V-R-La-D-T,  P-B-Ra-L-M-N,  La-K-M-T-S. 

VOWELS 

There  are  twelve  simple  vowel  sounds  in  the  English  lan- 
guage. Six  of  them  are  long  and  six  short.  These  are  repre- 
sented in  shorthand  by  dots  and  dashes  made  heavy  and  light, 
the  heavy  signs  representing  the  long  vowels,  and  the  light 
signs  the  short  vowels.  There  are  also  four  diphthongs,  rep- 
resented by  arrowheads  and  a  semi-circle. 

All  the  vowels  and  diphthongs  are  written  in  relation  to 
the  line  of  writing  or  base  line,  that  is,  above  it,  on  it,  or 
below  it. 

Those  vowels  written  above  the  line  are  called  first  place 
vowels. 

Those  vowels  written  on  the  line  are  called  second  place 
vowels. 

Those  vowels  written  below  the  line  are  called  third  place 
vowels. 

The  first  place  vowels  are 

e  a  i  o  i  oi 

as  in  the  wo:ds      each        awl         is  odd    my        boy 

and  are  written 

I  I          V         A 


Each  vowel  sign  must  be  written  over  many  times,  the 
name  of  the  sign  being  pronounced  while  it  is  being  written. 

WORD  CONSTRUCTION 

Words  are  formed  by  the  combination  of  consonants  and 
vowels;  therefore,  with  a  knowledge  of  the  consonants  and 
vowel  signs  any  word  in  the  language  can  be  written.  Unlike 
ordinary  longhand  writing,  however,  shorthand  is  written  in 

7 


three  positions  in  reference  to  the  line  of  writing,  first  position, 
second  position,  and  third  position. 

First  Position  is  one-half  of  a  consonant  stroke  above  the 
line,  or  in  case  of  a  horizontal  stroke,  a  full  length  above  the 
line. 

Second  Position  is  on  the  line. 

Third  Position  is  through  the  line,  or  in  case  of  a  horizon- 
tal stroke,  just  below  the  line. 

The  position  of  a  word  is  governed  entirely  by  the  position 
of  the  first  sounded  vowel  in  the  word. 

Rule  A. — If  the  first  sounded  vowel  in  a  word  is  a  first 
place  vowel,  the  first  consonant  stroke  is  written  above  the  line 
or  in  the  first  position.  See  above  for  first  position. 

Rule  B. — A  first  place  vowel  is  written  at  the  beginning 
of  a  consonant. 

Rule  C. — If  a  vowel  is  sounded  before  an  up  or  down 
stroke,  it  is  placed  to  the  left  or  (in  case  of  a  horizontal  stroke) 
over  the  stroke. 

Rule  D. — If  a  vowel  is  sounded  after  an  up  or  down 
stroke,  it  is  placed  to  the  right  or  (in  case  of  a  horizontal 
stroke)  below  the  stroke. 

NOTE. — A  dash  vowel  is  always  written  so  as  to  form  a  right  angle 
with  the  consonant  to  which  it  is  placed. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  FIRST  PLACE  VOWELS 

1.  Bee,  saw,  eat,  if,  pie,  toy,  caw,  tea,  paw,  in. 

2.  Eke,  vie,  she,  me,  odd,  gnaw,  ye,  ease,  my. 

3.  Buy,  joy,  sigh,  caw,  fee,  jaw,  pea,  boy,  each,  tie. 

4.  Eve,  eyes,  ice,  imp,  icy,  easy. 

5.  Thaw,  thee,  thy,  shy,  nigh,  aught,  it,  auk. 

The  second  place  vowels  are 

a       o  e  u 

as  in  the  words      May      owes        Ed.     much 
and  are  written 


WORD  CONSTRUCTION 

Rule  A. — If  the  first  sounded  vowel  in  a  word  is  a  second 
place  vowel,  the  first  consonant  stroke  is  written  on  the  line  or 
in  the  second  position. 

Rule  B. — A  second  place  vowel  is  written  at  the  middle  of 
a  consonant. 

Rule  C. — If  a  vowel  is  sounded  before  an  up  or  down 
stroke,  it  is  placed  to  the  left  or  (in  case  of  a  horizontal  stroke) 
over  the  stroke. 

Rule  D. — If  a  vowel  is  sounded  after  an  up  or  down 
stroke,  it  is  placed  to  the  right,  or  (in  case  of  a  horizontal 
stroke)  below  the  stroke. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  SECOND  PLACE  VOWELS 

1.  Pay,  Poe,  ape,  up,  bay,  bow.  Abe.  ebb,  toe,  ate. 

2.  Oat,  day,  dough,  aid,  ode,  Ed.,  etch,  age,  edge,  ache. 

3.  Oak,  egg,  Jay,  Joe,  gay,  go,  fay,  foe,  oath,  they. 

4.  Say,  so,  ace,  show. 

5.  May,  mow,  aim,  neigh,  no,  own,  hay,  hoe. 

6.  Amy,  echo,  essay. 

THIRD  PLACE  VOWELS 

The  third  place  vowels  are 

a  oo        a          oo        ow       u 

as  in  the  words  are       two       bad       cooks  now     few 

and  are  written 

•          |          •        ~~i        7\~ 

WORD  CONSTRUCTION 

Rule  A. — If  the  first  sounded  vowel  in  a  word  is  a  third 
place  vowel,  the  first  consonant  stroke  is  written  through  or 
(in  case  of  a  horizontal  consonant)  below  the  line  or  in  the 
third  position. 

Rule  B. — A  third  place  vowel  is  written  at  the  end  of  a 
•consonant. 

Rule  C. — If  a  vowel  is  sounded  before  an  up  or  down 
stroke,  it  is  placed  to  the  left  or  (in  case  of  a  horizontal  stroke ) 
•over  the  stroke. 


Rule  D. — If  a  vowel  is  sounded  after  an  up  or  down 
stroke,  it  is  placed  to  the  right  or  (in  case  of  a  horizontal 
stroke)  below  the  stroke. 

WORDS  CONTAINING  THIRD  PLACE  VOWELS 

1.  Pa,  at,  out,  add,  chew,  ouch,  coo,  cow,  cue,  few. 

2.  Vow,  view,  sue,  use,  ooze,  zoo,  ash,  shoe,  hue. 

3.  Moo,  mew,  Annie,  now,  new,  woo,  ahoy. 

4.  Anew,  annoy,  ado,  assay. 

The  following  diagram  shows  all  the  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs : 

•  I  I  V        A 

•  I  .  I 

•  I  -  I     A      h 

PHONETIC  ANALYSIS  OF  WORDS 

The  word  to  be  written  must  be  analyzed  before  the  pre- 
ceding rules  can  be  applied ;  therefore,  as  an  aid  to  the  student, 
the  following  line  of  thought  is  laid  out : 

ist  Find  the  first  vowel  in  the  word  and  determine  its 
position. 

2d.  Write  the  first  consonant  stroke  in  the  position  of  the 
first  vowel. 

3d.  Determine  the  position  of  the  vowel  along  the  stroke, 
viz.,  beginning,  middle,  or  end. 

4th.  Notice  whether  the  vowel  is  sounded  before  or  after 
the  consonant,  and  write  it  accordingly. 

NOTE. — L  and  Sha  never  stand  alone.  Use  alone  La  (up),  Isb 
(down). 

REVIEW  EXERCISE  ON  WORDS  OF  ONE  SYLLABLE 

1.  Pay,  bay,  bee,  tea,  toe,  day,  dew,  dough,  key,  caw. 

2.  Thaw,  thJee,  say,  so,  mow,  may,  me,  know,  nay. 

3.  Woe,  woo,  yea,  hay,  hoe,  so,  oat,  oak,  eke. 

4.  Ache,  each,  age,  go,  own,  eje,  ace,  ainj,  oath,  ape. 

5.  Poe,  she,  joy,  fay,  show,  ash,  ooze,  niew. 

6.  Coo,  gay,  law,  owl,  ail,  in,  pie,  few. 

7.  Bough,  row,  at,  say-,  ease,  boy,  ale,  jaw,  edge. 

'3         ^3     r      i      I0i      1      i 


\     \  i    1 13     (    v  ?     ^     \     3 

8.  Up,  out,  by,  it,  die^shoe,  thy,  ode,  add,  they,  why,  thou. 

9.  If,  £hy,  fde,  niy,  am,  knee,  nith,  lay!        ^       ^ 

10.  All^w,  see,  sigh,  ough,t,  itch,  ice,  essay,  chew,  cow. 

11.  Vifw,  oil,  tfe,  low,  tfse,  ndw,  tov,  annoy,  fie,  beau. 

12.  Auk,  gnaw,  obey,  paw,  alley,  ahoy,  are,  etch. 

13.  Owed,  aid,  off,  eight,  pew.  whoa,  weigh,  eyes,  foe. 

I        1^1  x         *3^      i       I         I 

14.  Guy,  Joe,  easy,  Arma,  neigh,  no,  eat,  eyed. 

15.  Ida,  dew,  thigh,  saw,  beau,  anew. 

VOWELS  BETWEEN  CONSONANTS 

When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two  consonants,  the  fol- 
lowing rules  must  be  observed: 

Any  first  or  second  place  vowel,  occurring  between  two 
strokes,  is  zvritten  with  the  first  stroke. 

Any  third  place  vowel,  occurring  between  two  strokes,  is 
written  before  the  end  of  the  second  stroke. 

NOTE. — When  a  vowel  occurs  between  two  consonant  strokes  it  is 
possible  to  place  it  either  after  the  first  stroke  or  before  the  second 
stroke.  However,  in  some  cases  it  is  almost  impossible  to  place  a  third 
place  vowel 'after  the  first  stroke,  on  account  of  the  sharp  angle  formed 
by  the  joining  of  the  consonants,  and  to  avoid  such  difficulty  the  third 
place  vowels  are  placed  before  the  second  stroke. 

EXERCISE 

1.  Peach,  peak,  beach,  beam,  teach,  teeth,  poach,  Pope,  poke. 

2.  Choke,  joke,  cope,  coach,  team,  deep,  deem,  sheep. 

3.  Cheap,  theme,  coke,  comb,  foam,  vogue,  pitch,  tip. 

4.  Pick,  pith,  big,  type,  tick,  ditch,  make,  babe. 

5.  Bake,  tape,  tame,  dig,  dim,  chip,  ding,  kip.  ' 

6.  Dame,  cape,  cage,  faith,  shape. 

7.  King,  vim,  thick,  ship,  nip,  nib. 

8.  Tomb,  tooth,  boom,  booth,  shake,  maim. 

9.  Bog,  time,  dock,  dodge,  top,  chop,  keep. 

10.  Peg,  pock,  dip. 

11.  Shock,  mock,  moth,  knob,  notch,  knock. 

12.  Pack,  batch,  back,  tack,  thatch,  patch,  bag. 

13.  Mouth,  feud,  catch. 

14.  Sham,  match,  nap,  knack,  gnash,  push. 

15.  Bush,  book,  nook,  shook. 


16.  Gem,  neck,  pug,  bung,  touch,  tug. 

17.  Cup,  thumb,  nudge,  palm,  pike,  cash,  budge. 

18.  Duke,  navy,  chubby,  beauty,  chime,  coop,  attack. 

19.  Etching,  funny,  meadow,  dummy,  tiny,  dupe,  avenue. 

20.  Envoy,  opaque,  copy,  shadow,  putty,  enjoy. 

21.  Necktie,    money,  month,  bath,  piano,  shady,  jamb. 

22.  Tank,  magic,  veto,  fudge,  chap,  talk,  mica. 

23.  Topic,  make,  Dutch,  coffee,  dash,  evoke,  cube. 

24.  Among,  attach,  mimic,  baggage,  dignify,  cubic. 

25.  Beneath,  mash,  botch,  badge,  couch,  depth,  chimney. 

USE  OF  L  AND  R 

As  there  are  many  words  in  the  English  language  begin- 
ning or  ending  with  L  or  R  directly,  and  many  words  that  begin 
or  end  with.  L  or  R  with  either  an  initial  or  final  vowel,  it  is 
necessary  to  provide  some  means  to  determine  whether  a  word 
begins  with  L  or  R,  or  whether  the  L  or  R  sounds  are  preceded 
by  a  vowel,  and  whether  a  word  ends  with  L  or  R,  or  whether 
L  or  R  is  followed  by  a  sounded  final  vowel.  To  accomplish 
this  the  following  rules  must  be  used : 

Rule  i. — When  a  word  begins  with  L  or  R,  use  the  up- 
ward stroke. 

Rule  2. — When  the  sound  of  L  or  R  ends  a  word,  use 
the  downward  stroke. 

Rule  3. — When  L  or  R  is  the  first  consonant  sound  in  a 
word  and  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  use  the  downward  stroke. 

Rule  4. — When  L  or  R  is  the  last  consonant  sound  in  a 
word  and  is  followed  by  a  sounded  vowel,  use  the  upward 
stroke. 

NOTE. — Between  strokes,  L  or  R  is  nearly  always  written  upward. 

Exceptions. — In  some  words  it  is  very  difficult  to  join  L  or 
R  as  given  in  the  above  rules,  and  therefore,  a  general  excep- 
tion is  made  and  the  stroke  used  which  makes  the  best  angular 
joining.  The  most  common  exceptions  are:  Down  R  before 
M,  Mb,  or  Mp;  upward  R  before  T,  D,  Cha,  J,  F,  V,  Ith,  The, 
and  after  the  Ra  and  Ha  strokes ;  down  L  after  N  and  Ng ;  up- 
ward L  when  followed  by  any  descending  stroke. 


EXERCISE 

1.  Rope,  right,  rate,  rich,  ridge,  rash,  wrought. 

2.  Wreath,  rug,  wrung,  red,  rat,  wretch,  wrote. 

3.  Root,  rub,  rack. 

4.  Rot,  writhe,  rude,  rod,  route,  rush,  wrap. 

5.  Ark,  arm,  error,  early,  ergo,  Erminie. 

6.  Lash,  leap,  lamp,  led. 

7.  Laid,  like,  lad,  leaf,  lung,  loaf,  loath,  lame. 

8.  Love,  lack,  loop,  look. 

9.  Elk,  alike,  alum,  elm,  ailing,  ulna,  Elmira. 

10.  Fire,  mire,  tare,  pyre,  jar,  pier,  tar,  fear,  chair. 

11.  Pair,  tire,  shear,  poor,  dear,  par,  sure,  veer. 

12.  Merry,  berry,  parry,  tarry,  ferry. 

J3-  Jurv>  furrv>  cherry,  diary,  barrow,  fiery. 

14.  Fail,  peal,  keel,  pail,  cull,  pole,  file,  pool,  nail. 

15.  Bowl,  fool,  kill,  tell,  fall,  toll,  toil,  coal,  foal,  pill. 

16.  Tallow,  pulley,  galley,  mellow,  fully,  gaily,  polly. 

17.  Fellow,  pillow,  callow,  belie,  folly,  tally. 

18.  v  Rile,  delay,  borrow,  riot,  repeal,  fury,  morrow. 

19.  Repair,  failure,  early,  army,  narrow,  arena. 

20.  Rear,  rare,  along,  alkali,  allay,  alumna,  armory. 

21.  Lunch,  luny,  lower,  relay,  lovely,  lofty,  loyal. 

22.  Lowly,  lyre,  merrily,  memory,  error,  irony,  Irish. 

23.  Ream,  rhyme,  romp,  ramify,  ranch,  range,  rarely. 

24.  Readily,  rebuke,  terror,  admirer,  roar,  lank,  room. 

25.  Nellie,  newly,  Manila,  kingly,  wrongly,  Allegheny,  bureau 

BRIEF  CONSONANTS 

\Yith  the  consonant  strokes  and  vowel  signs  already 
learned,  it  is  possible  to  write  any  word  in  the  language.  It 
is  necessary,  however,  to  abbreviate  some  of  the  strokes  in 
order  to  write  rapidly,  and  a  few  of  the  common  sounds  are 
represented  by  briefer  forms.  There  are  four  brief  consonants : 
Brief  S,  Wa,  Ya,  and  Ha. 

BRIEF  S  OR  ISS  CIRCLE 

A  small  circle,  called  Iss,  represents  the  sound  of  S  at  the 
beginning,  S  or  Z  at  the  middle,  and  S  or  Z  at  the  end  of  a  word. 

13 


At  the  beginning  and  end  the  circle  is  written  on  the 
right  side  of  descending  straight  strokes  and  on  the  upper 
side  of  K,  Ga,  Ra,  and  Ha.  It  is  always  written  on  the  in- 
side of  curved  strokes. 

ffp\1frX  *T  IDs  I  sP  VVs  V,  sLas/stts  s—^  sRaa 


Between  two  straight  strokes  that  form  an  angle  the  circle 
is  written  on  the  outside  of  the  angle.  Between  a  straight 
stroke  and  a  curve  it  is  written  on  the  inside  of  the  curve. 
Between  two  curves,  generally  on  the  inside  of  the  first  curve. 


The  Iss  circle  cannot  be  used  at  the  beginning  of  a  word 
where  there  is  a  preceding  vowel,  nor  at  the  end  of  a  word  in 
which  there  is  a  final  vowel. 

NOTE.  —  A  vowel  can  be  written  only  to  a  stroke  consonant. 
NOTE.  —  K  stroke  and  Iss  circle  equal  X. 

NOTE.  —  When  L  is  the  only  stroke  consonant  in  an  outline,  use 
La   (up). 

EXERCISE 

1.  Sit,  sat,  some,  safe,  snow,  seen,  save,  sale,  sell,  stow,  suit, 
sake. 

2.  S'oap,  such,  sod,  sty,  sage,  sane,  sick,  sad,  set,  stay,  slow, 
sly. 

3.  Slave,  sketch,  smith,  sin,  skip,  Sunday,  sleep,  sight. 

4.  Slate,  seek,  slight,  smoke,  scheme,  sieve,  slope. 

5.  Pasty,  tasty,  risk,  hasty,  music,  vista,  "despise,  lisp. 

6.  Desk,  dusty,  dismiss,  dozen,  fusty,  gusty,  rusty,  reset. 

7.  Insight,  tusk,  beseech,  raisin,  disc,  hasten,  vessel. 

8.  Deceive,  desire,  misery,  honesty,  beset,  resume. 

9.  Face,  house,  nice,  case,  toes,  ties,  keys,  lace,  pose,  tease. 

10.  Voice,  shows,  race,  wise,  mouse,  slay,  pace,  shoes,  office, 
boys. 

11.  Chase,  packs,  cheese,  oaks,  rice,  slays,  snow,  seats,  signs. 

12.  Dispatches,  besides,   surpass,   scales,   slips,   dispose,  suc- 
ceeds. 

13.  Pacify,  absence,  decks,  suppose,  ladies,  spears,  sparrows. 

14.  Space,  doors,  inside,  pipes,  service,  outside,  Tuesday. 

15.  Masons,  disguise,  selects,  Johnson,  deals,  delays,  subsidize. 

14 


1 6.  Kerosene,  cellar,  sunsets,  boilers,  lessons,  dealers. 

17.  Anxious,  capacity,  reams,  unlace,  rage,  erase,  excuse. 

1 8.  Wayside,  dispose,  besides,  desirous,  fishes,  enemies. 

19.  Shawls,  Vassar,  Messrs.,  reside,  tax,  rages,  rags,  ranges. 

20.  Sanitary,  rascal,  casks,  razors,  receipt,  dishonesty. 

USE  OF  STEM  S  AND  CIRCLE  ISS 

Although  brief  S  or  the  Iss  circle  may  be  used  to  represent 
the  sound  of  S  in  many  words,  it  cannot  be  used  to  represent 
the  sound  of  S  in  all  cases.    The  Iss  circle  cannot  be  used : 
i st.     When  S  is  the  only  consonant  in  a  word :  as,  see,  ice. 
2d.      When  S  is  preceded  by  an  initial  vowel :  as,  ask,  essence. 
3d.      When  S  is  followed  by  a  final  vowel :  as,  massy,  lasso. 
4th.     When  S  is  the  first  consonant  in  a  word,  followed  by  two 

sounded  vowels:  as,  science,  seance. 

5th.     When  S  is  the  final  consonant  in  a  word,  preceded  by  two 
sounded  vowels:  as,  pious,  serious. 
EXERCISE 

1.  Ask,  sake,  espy,  sob,  assignee,  sign,  acid,  seed,  assume, 
sum. 

2.  Sense,  essence,  suits,  aside,  soup,  asp,  escape,  skip,  same. 

3.  Asylum,    espouse,    sketch,    space,    science,    signs,   Estey, 
sight. 

4.  Seine,  sciatica,  pass,  case,  seen,  serious,  series,  chaos,  pose. 

5.  Mass,  massy,  lass,  lasso,  fuss,  fussy,  days,  daisy,  race, 
racy. 

6.  Juice,  juicy,  news,  Nassau,  rose,  rosy,  say,  sue,  see,  so. 

7.  Aces,  uses,  essays,  zany,  Ezra,  zero,  assay,  Eskimo,  sigh. 

8.  Ascetic,  said,  busy,  hazy,  dizzy,  rice,  cozy,  fox,  foxy. 

9.  Sleep,  asleep,  spice,  spicy,  aspire,  spire,  Sitka,  sciatic. 

10.     Espousal,    spell,    psalm,    Siam,    Assam,    useless,    varies, 

various,  furies,  furious,  carries,  curious. 
SES  CIRCLE 

A  large  circle,  twice  the  size  of  the  Iss  circle,  is  used  to 
represent  the  sound  of  SeS,  SeZ,  ZeS,  or  ZeZ.  It  is  used  at  the 
beginning,  middle,  or  end  of  a  word,  and  is  written  on  the  same 
side  as  the  Iss  circle.  When  a  vowel  other  than  short  E  occurs 
between  the  sounds  represented  by  the  large  circle,  that  par- 
ticular vowel  must  be  written  inside  of  the  circle. 

/°Jses  X  S 
15 


EXERCISE 

1.  Cases,  doses,  paces,  houses,  laces,  faces,  chooses,  races, 
pieces,  losses,  juices. 

2.  System,  season,  schism,  sustain,  seizure,  Susan,  scissors, 
sausage,  Sussex. 

3.  Decisive,  possessed,  Mississippi,  necessary,  accessory,  in- 
cisive, exhaust. 

4.  Excessive,  choicest,  nicest,  exercise,  resist,  subsist,  desist. 

5.  Deceased,   exist,   kisses,   reqess,   poses,   abscess,   guesses, 
masses,  fusses? 

6.  Misses,  poses,  voices,  noses,  loses,  gazes,  arises,  access, 
noises. 

7.  Success,  emphasize,  excess,  vices,  fiercest,  taxes,  roses. 

8.  Surmises,  synopsis,  successive,  erases,  reduces,  unlaces. 

9.  Hypothesis,  resources,  caresses,  suspire,  axes,  romances. 
10.     Texas,  refuses,  boxes,  excuses,  effaces,  ounces,  seduces. 

STE  LOOP 

DEFINITION  AND  RULE. — A  small  loop,  one-third  the 
length  of  a  stroke,  called  Ste,  represents  the  sounds  of  S  and  T 
and  sometimes  Z  and  D.  It  is  used  at  the  beginning,  middle,  or 
end  of  a  word,  and  is  written  on  the  same  side  as  the  Iss  circle. 

-.  Ssr 

EXERCISE 

1.  Stop,  stab,  stitch,  steed,  stage,  staff,  steel,  stick,  stack, 
stock,  stiff,  stud. 

2.  Stale,  steam,  stone,  sting,  stem,  stamp,  still,  steep,  stun, 
stump. 

3.  Justify,  destiny,  mystify,  majestic,  statistics,  testify. 

4.  Post,  past,  pieced,  test,  chest,  taste,  mast,   fast,  chaste, 
coast,  feast,  gust. 

5.  Voiced,  last,   rest,  mist,  least,  nest,  most,  faced,  laced, 
must,  assist,  arrest. 

6.  Roast,  rust,  host,  raised,  kissed,  chemist,  forest,  molest, 
lapsed,  text. 

7.  Topmast,  zest,  star,  store,  story,  monopolized,  monopolis- 
tic. 

16 


8.  Rust,  aroused,  locust,  alchemist,  stiff,  fistic,  fist. 

9.  Style,  stimulus,  mystifies,  molest,  safest,  stiffest. 
10.     Opposed,  accused,  abused,  erased,  steadfast,  tourist. 

STER  LOOP 

DEFINITION  AND  RULE.  —  A  large  loop,  two-thirds  the 
length  of  a  stroke,  called  Ster,  represents  the  sound  of  S,  T, 
and  R.  It  is  used  in  the  middle  and  at  the  end  of  a  word,  and 
is  written  on  the  same  side  as  the  Iss  circle. 

fel  r\  Jlstr  j)  StTstr/sFstr^sesLastrXaMatr  x^s  Wastr^ 

EXERCISE 

1.  Poster,   master,   jester,   taster,   toaster,   boaster,    Chester, 
faster,  coaster,  vaster,  impostor. 

2.  Fester,  assister,  rooster,  Hester,  songster,  teamster,  dexter, 

arrester,  paster. 

3.  Castor,  barrister,  lobster,  monster,  register,  canister. 

4.  Feaster,  bolster,  forester,  foster,  mister,  laster. 

5.  Waster,  roster,  adjuster,  Baxter,  Shuster,  digester. 

6.  Rhymster,  enlister,  Amsterdam,  masterpiece,  ulster,  luster. 

FINAL  ISS 

When  the  sound  of  S  or  Z  follows  the  Ses  circle,  Ste  or 
Ster  loop  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  is  represented  by  extending 
the  circle  or  loop  through  the  stroke  so  as  to  form  a  small 
circle  on  the  opposite  side. 

ssNn  G*sts  _  «»  A/straws  sVstsN^  sThestrs  ^ 


EXERCISE 

1.  Vests,   feasts,   coasts,   joists,   chests,   dusts,   tests,   posts, 
lasts,  rests,  arrests. 

2.  Roosts,  masts,  nests,  mists,  wastes,  pests,  beasts,  pastes, 
gusts,  fasts,  fists. 

3.  Bastes,  rusts,  lists,  jests,  tastes,  texts,  molests,  chemists, 
costs. 

4.  Posters,  tasters,  dusters,  coasters,  festers,  roosters,  mas- 
ters, pastors,  castors,  boasters. 


5.  Teamsters,  paymasters,  bolsters,  foresters,gamesters,song- 
sters,  pasters. 

6.  Possesses,    excesses,    recesses,    successes,    abscesses,    re- 
possesses, exercises. 

7.  Boasts,  suggests,  toasters,  assists,  divests,  remasters. 

8.  Repasts,  topmasts,  fosters,  boosts,  banisters,  barristers. 

9.  Invests,  choristers,  adjusters,  Axminsters,  rosters. 

10.     Digests,  registers,  canisters,  monsters,  lobsters,  enlists. 

BRIEF  WA 

A  small  half-circle,  opening  to  the  right  or  left,  called 
Brief  Wa,  represents  the  sound  of  W  at  the  beginning  of  words 
or  syllables.  Use  the  opening  which  forms  the  best  angle. 


SN/Vr~P     \WA-3il 


WJV-CHA.          -WA    &A 


On  La,  Ra,  M,  and  N,  the  Brief  Wa  forms  a  small  hook 
(which  shows  no  point  of  joining  with  the  consonant)  called 
the  Brief  Wa  hook.  This  brief  form  cannot  be  used  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  word  where  there  is  an  initial  vowel  nor  at  the 
end  of  a  word  in  which  there  is  a  final  vowel. 

When  Brief  Wa  precedes  the  sound  of  L  or  R,  the  down 
strokes  should  not  be  used  except  when  the  sound  of  M  fol- 
lows the  so\md  of  R. 

u/L 


EXERCISE 

1.  Weep,   web,   wait,  wade,  wage,  wit,  white,  wet,  wood, 
wheat,  wake,  wig,  wed. 

2.  Walk,  week,  whack,  wick,  wax,  woke,  wife,  weave,  witch. 

3.  Woof,  waive,  waif,  wove,  whiff,  wash,  whip,  watch,  wipe, 
wedge. 

4.  Well,  wall,  win,  wire,  whim,  wear,  while,  war,  whine. 

5.  Wool,  wheel,  wane,  whence,  worth,  window,  worst,  wealth. 

18 


6.  Weed,  wad,  widow,  wag,  unweave,  unwell,  unworthy. 

7.  Welcome,  worthless,  whale,  weir,  wallop,  whiz. 

8.  Walrus,  Edwin,  winced,  Dewitt,  works,  weakfish,  wang, 

9.  Wagsome,  wakefully,  wallowish,  wampum,  widely. 

10.  Worship,  Welsh,  willet,  wormy,  winsomely,  wallet. 

11.  Buckwheat,   backwoods,   milkweed,   Oswego,   Lakewood, 
cobwebs,  Epworth. 

12.  Awake,  aware,  await,  weigh. 

S  AND  WA 

The  Iss  circle  is  written  inside  of  Brief  Wa  and  Brief  Wa 
hook  to  represent  the  sound  of  S  preceding  the  sound  of  W. 


\ 


EXERCISE 

1.  Sweep,  sweet,  switch,  swoop,  sweat,  swish,  swan,  swear, 
swill,  swim,  swale. 

2.  Swamp,  swore,  swoon,  swash,  swing,  Swede,  swam,  swine, 
swell. 

3.  Swig,  swivel,  sward,  swelled,  sweetwood,  swinge. 

4.  Swayed,  swab,  swung,  swarm,  swain,  sweetest,  sweeper. 

5.  Swipe,  swirl,  swage,  swagger,  Switzer,  sweetly. 

6.  Waxworks,  gas-works,  basswood,  Ainsworth,  beeswax. 

BRIEF  YA 

A  small  half-circle,  opening  upward  or  downward,  repre- 
sents the  sound  of  Y  at  the  beginning,  middle  or  end  of  words. 
The  form  should  be  used  which  makes  the  best  angular  joining. 

Brief  Ya  cannot  be  used  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  where 
there  is  an  initial  vowel,  nor  at  the  end  of -a  word  in  which 
there  is  a  final  vowel. 


EXERCISE 

1.  Yacht,  yam,  Yankee,  yoke,  yon,  Yale,  yell. 

2.  Young,  youth,  yelk,  yawn,  yawl. 

19 


3.  Yeddo,  yarrow,  yank,  yelp,  yearly,  yak,  yen. 

4.  Lawyer,  Yates,  yule,  yucca,  yex,  yep,  yerk,  yeanling. 

5.  Yorkshire,  yerl,  Yorkist,  yamp,  youngster,  Yarmouth. 

BRIEF  HA 

A  small  tick,  struck  in  the  direction  of  Cha  or  Ra,  repre- 
sents the  sound  of  H  at  the  beginning  of  words.  It  should  be 
written  so  as  to  form  the  sharpest  angle  to  the  consonant.  Be- 
fore La  it  may  be  written  in  the  direction  of  P. 

Brief  Ha  cannot  be  used  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  where 
there  is  an  initial  vowel,  nor  at  the  end  of  a  word  in  which 
there  is  a  final  vowel.  Brief  Ha  is  never  used  on  Ra  (upward). 

h/V^  hR\ 


EXERCISE 

1.  Heap,  hip,  hid,  hit,  ham,  hatch,  hen,  help,  huff,  hall. 

2.  Hem,  hoot,  hoof,  helm,  hope,  hang,  hail,  hate. 

3.  Heave,  hoop,  hammock,  horse,  here,  hack,  hair,  hook. 

4.  Hawk,  home,  hole,  hone,  hush,  hill,  hood,  hum,  him. 

5.  Hemlock,  holiday,  hopscotch,  harmless,  Henley. 

6.  Ahead,  ahem,  Ahab,  hay,  hoe,  tally-ho,  Lehigh,  Omaha. 

ED  TICK 

A  small  tick,  written  after  the  Ste  and  Ster  loops,  and 
struck  in  the  direction  which  will  form  the  sharpest  angle,  rep- 
resents the  sound  of  -ed. 


(  Mstd  -^  A/strri  ^~  Lastrrf  /^VstrJ  ff 


EXERCISE 

1.  Posted,  feasted,  pestered,  roasted,  festered,  tasted,  listed, 
fasted,  hoisted,  mustered,  boasted. 

2.  Rusted,  mastered,  nested,  assisted,  dusted,  arrested,  fos- 
tered, rested,  lasted,  wasted,  tested,  vested. 

3.  Coasted,  jested,  molested,  registered,  infested,  administered. 
pilastered. 

4.  Disgusted,  reinvested,  bolstered,  accosted,  attested. 

5.  Worsted,  harvested,  divested,  suggested,  digested. 

6.  Remastered,  untasted,  undigested,  enlisted. 


WORD  SIGNS 

As  there  are  many  frequently  occurring  words  which, 
when  written  in  shorthand,  make  awkward  or  lengthy  out- 
lines, it  is  necessary  to  provide  a  briefer  way  to  represent  these 
words.  To  this  end,  easily  written  characters  (vowel  signs, 
brief  consonants,  and  consonants),  are  used  to  represent  such 
words,  and  are  called  word  signs. 

Too  much  stress  cannot  be  laid  upon  the  absolute  neces- 
sity for  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  word  signs.  They  should 
be  carefully  written  many  times  (the  word  each  sign  repre- 
sents being  repeated  while  it  is  being  written),  until  they  can 
be  written  without  the  slightest  hesitation.  Absolute  accuracy  in 
regard  to  position  is  positively  essential. 

VOWEL  AND  BRIEF  CONSONANT  WORD  SIGNS 
•  The 

*-v--          A-An 

And 

Of,  Or,  On 

To,  But,  Should 

N   '   '  All,  Awe-Already,  Ought 

-V..L-* Too-Two,  Before-Owe-Oh,  Who 

Is-His 
Us-Self 


As-Has 

We-With,  What 
....C....D....         Were,  Would 

u     n  Year,  Beyond 
U.....O, Yet,  You 

He 

How 

V  I-High 

_ O _.    First 

NOTE. — On,  should,  and  how  are  written  upward. 

21 


SINGLE  CONSONANT  WORD  SIGNS 


/ 


Line  I. — Opportunity,  hope,  happy-party,  object,  be,  to  be, 
dollar-s,  do,  had-advertise-ment,  which,  much,  advantage, 
large,  company,  accompany,  give-given,  together,  ago. 

Line  2. — Form,  for,  ever,  have,  think,  thank,  them, 
though,  was,  wish,  shall,  usual-ly,  will,  are,  any,  thing. 

Line  3. — Language-long,  importance-important,  away, 
your. 

DOUBLE  CONSONANT  AND  COMBINATION  WORD  SIGNS 


3    r- 


4  - 


5  — 


Line  i. — Public-publish,  subject,  business,  satisfactory,  ad- 
vertiser, advertised,  change,  acknowledge,  because,  peculiar-ly. 

Line  2. — Familiar-ly,  memoranda-um,  efficient-ly-ency, 
sufficient-ly-ency,  several,  this,  those. 


Line  3. — Especial-ly,  also,  always,  represent,  regular,  ir- 
regular, similar. 

Line  4. — Next,  impossible,  influence,  when,  where,  now, 
knew-new,  never. 

Line  5. — \Yhenever,  wherever,  whatever,  however,  electric, 
average. 

SENTENCES  CONTAINING  WORD  SIGNS 

1.  To  be  of  use  in  this  life  ought  to  be  the  zvish  and  desire  of 
all  of  us. 

2.  Though  he  has  said  he  knew  them  well,  yet  you  must 
acknowledge  they  never  speak  to  him  now. 

3.  If  your  business  is  of  sufficient  importance,  he  zmll  see  you 
at  the  regular  time  and  discuss  the  subject  with  you. 

4.  Th'ey  are  ready  to  acknowledge  this  or  any  similar  memo- 
randum, if  several  of  your  party  will  say  the  change  is  also 
satisfactory  to  them. 

5.  While  it  is  so  irregular,  the  public  will  never  give  it  much 
notice,  because  it  is  too  peculiar  for  a  new  thing. 

6.  They  say  this  advertiser  has  efficiency  and  influence  be- 
yond those  who  advertise  now  or  those  who  have  usually 
advertised  with  them  before. 

7.  If  you  would  have  success  in  business,  make  this  your  ob- 
ject; owe  no  one,  buy  for  cash,  sell  for  cash,  and  make 
honesty  always  come  before  self. 

8.  You  should  be  happy  with  what  you  already  have. 

9.  An  opportunity  to  make  a  dollar  or  two  each  week  will 
be  given  you  when  we  form  our  next  company. 

10.  As  he  was  sufficiently  familiar  with  the  first  advertisement, 
we  allowed  him  to  represent  us  in  the  affair. 

11.  Your  rates  were  too  high  this  year,  so  it  was  impossible 
for  us  to  hope  to  do  business  with  your  company. 

12.  Whenever  he  talks  on  this  subject  he  always  shows  by  his 
language  how  much  he  knows  of  the  electric  business. 

13.  Where  are  those  long  and  important  memoranda  which  I 
wish  to  have  you  publish  for  me  next  year? 

14.  Do  you  think  I  shall  ever  lose  whatever  advantage  I  have 
had  in  the  past? 

23 


15.  If  you  and  I  had  had  a  sufficiency  of  sense  we  would  never 
have  had  to  work  so  long  for  the  small  sum  ive  receive. 

1 6.  /  shall  accompany  you  whenever  and  wherever  you  go  on 
your  next  voyage. 

17.  It  will  take  a  long  time  to  do  the  work  efficiently,  but  he 
spoke  as  though  he  were  efficient  when  he  took  the  job 
away. 

18.  While  it  is  usual  for  them  to  go  away  together,  yet  they 
think  it  is  wiser  this  year  to  go  with  a  large  party. 

19.  I  would  thank  you  to  give  me  the  t^vo  dollars  which  you 
borrowed  two  years  ago. 

20.  He  spoke  familiarly  to  her,  especially  so  on  Wednesday ; 
hozvever,  I  think  it  is  just  as  well  £0  take  no  especial  notice 
of  the  affair. 

21.  A  pessimist  will  look  at  things  peculiarly,  but  an  optimist 
will  see  hope  in  all  things. 

22.  Z)o  y0M  think  it  awy  harm  to  ask  them  if  they  wi//  /iaw 
these  horses,  this  hearse  and  those  hacks  for  hire  next 
Tuesday  ? 


MODIFICATION  OF  STROKES 

By  using  the  knowledge  of  shorthand  the  pupil  already 
possesses,  words  can  be  written  at  a  much  faster  rate  of  speed 
than  in  longhand.  In  order  to  write  still  more  rapidly  how- 
ever, it  is  found  expedient  and  practical  to  modify  consonant 
strokes  in  four  ways,  as  follows : 

SHORTENING  INITIAL  HOOKS 

LENGTHENING  FINAL  HOOKS 

SHORTENING 

A  consonant  stroke  may  be  shortened  one-half  its  length 
to  represent  a  following  T  or  D  sound.  In  one-syllable  words, 
shorten  light  strokes  only  for  T.  In  one-syllable  words 
shorten  heavy  strokes  only  for  D.  In  words  of  two  or  more 
syllables,  shorten  strokes  for  either  T  or  D.  The  downward 
strokes  L  and  R,  and  the  strokes  M  and  N,  are  shortened  to 

24 


add  T.  and  are  shortened  and  shaded  to  add  D  ;  therefore,  the 
corresponding  shaded  strokes,  Ya,  Wa,  Mp,  and  Ng,  cannot 
be  shortened.  Ra  is  never  shortened  either  for  T  or  D  when 
it  stands  alone. 

Final  circles  or  loops  are  always  read  after  the  shortening 
principle.  The  shortening  principle  cannot  be  used  when  there 
is  a  final  vowel,  nor  in  outlines  of  more  than  one  stroke  where 
the  stroke  to  be  shortened  does  not  form  an  angle  with  the 
preceding  or  following  stroke. 

Shortened  strokes  are  positioned  just  like  other  strokes, 
•except  in  the  case  of  the  third  position,  where  the  strokes  are 
written  entirely  below  the  line. 

The  -ed  tick  may  be  attached  to  a  shortened  stroke  to 
represent  a  final  -ed  sound. 

Rule.  —  A  consonant  may  be  shortened  one-half  its  length 
to  add  the  sound  of  T  or  D. 

The  downward  strokes  L  and  R,  and  the  strokes  M  and 
N,  are  shortened  to  add  T,  and  shortened  and  shaded  to  add  D. 

Ya,  Wa,  Mp,  and  Ng  cannot  be  shortened. 

Shortening  cannot  be  used  where  there  is  no  angle  of  join- 
ing between  the  two  strokes. 

1      __  w  (  (  ) 


EXERCISE 

1.  Pit,  pet,  pat,  taught,  tight,  toot,  cheat,  chat,  fit,  fat,  fight, 
feat,  foot,  fought,  shoot,  sheet,  shut,  shot,  east,  act,  kite. 

2.  Cut,  cat,  cot,  light,  late,  lout,  fate,  meet,  mat,  mate,  net, 
nut,  knotted,  night,  knitted. 

3.  Hit,  hat,  hate,  heat,  hut,  gnat,  cuts,  fits,  shouts,  bid,  beds, 
bad,  deed,  died,  dead. 

4.  Did,  dude,  goad,  gad,  guide,  viewed,  kneaded,  old,  made, 
end,  erred,  oiled,  aired,  mead,  node,  mode. 

5.  Chalk,  chalked,  reach,  reached,  pity,  pitied,  pick,  picked. 

6.  Empty,  emptied,  poked,  loaded,  rocket,  appetite,  docked, 
routed. 

25 


7.  Merit,    temperate,    moderate,    battery,    checked,    pocket, 
ferret. 

8.  Spot,  soft,  midst,  start,  naught,  ended,  steered. 

9.  Let,  capital,  rapidity,  doomed,  yield,  elect,  yoked. 

10.  Liked,  affect,  vacate,  gagged,  looked,  locket,  effect. 

11.  Curate,  erect,  yawned,  put,  apt,  thought,  designed,  refit. 

12.  Helmet,  walnut,  walked,  caught,  absolute,  sort. 

13.  Heeled,  heard,  heart,  hard,  hurt,  hold,  held,  hired. 

14.  Hermit,  sunlight,  delight,  unveiled,  suspected,  intend. 

15.  Indicated,  individual,  limited,  words,  yards,  filed. 

16.  Certain,  cotton,  remit,  touched,  rammed,  occupied. 

17.  Worked,  yoked,  insisted,  scald,  felt,  resent,  resort. 

18.  Hesitate,  chestnut,  dipped,  dismayed,  misfit,  riled. 

19.  Shaft,  rectify,  sneaked,  embalmed,  timidly,  ticket. 

20.  Tilled,  toilet,  teapot,  tagged,  resisted,  admitted. 

21.  Snapped,  pushed,  stabbed,  resigned,  renewed,  hacked. 

LENGTHENING 

Any  consonant  stroke  may  be  lengthened  one-half  its 
length  to  add  the  sounds  Tr,  Dr,  or  Thr,  except  Mp  and  Ng. 
Mp  when  lengthened  represents  the  sound  of  Mpr  or  Mbr. 
Ng  when  lengthened  represents  the  sound  of  Ngr,  Ngkr  or 
Nggr.  All  downward  strokes  when  lengthened  in  the  first 
position  rest  on  the  line;  in  the  second  position,  extend  half  a 
consonant  length  through' the  line,  and  in  the  third  position,  a 
full  consonant  length  below  the  line.  Lengthening  does  not 
affect  the  position  of  strokes  written  upward  or  horizontally. 
Lengthening  cannot  be  used  when  a  final  sounded  vowel  fol- 
lows the  sound  of  Tr,  Dr,  or  Thr ;  as,  pottery,  feathery,  etc. 

The  -ed  tick  may  be  attached  to  a  lengthened  stroke  to 
represent  a  final  -ed  sound. 

\\ 


EXERCISE 

i.     Potter,  auditor,  daughter,  matter,  father,  fighter,  heater, 
latter,  operator. 

26 


2.  Letter,    feathered,    rather,   entered,   neither,   lighter,   an- 
other. 

3.  Ordered,  wonder,  holder,  winter,  wilder,  butter,  hunter. 

4.  Wither,  sunder,  oyster,  Easter,  cinder,  center,  softer,  bet- 
ter. 

5.  Finger,  pumper,  damper,  hunger,  tinker. 

6.  Temper,  winker,  slumber,  timber,  linger. 

7.  Singer,  scamper,  September,  November,  December. 

8.  Bumper,  tamper,  smother,  actor,  educator. 

9.  Cylinder,  render,  Henderson,  water,  powder,  hydrant. 

10.  Debtor,  whether,  mother,  hatter,  hampered,  after. 

11.  Hitherto,  slender,  writers,  leather,  asunder,  bitter,  voters. 

12.  Fodder,  shudder,  rector,  irrigator,  anthracite,  smoother. 

13.  Thunder,  chamber,  wringer,  rompers,  anchor,  amber. 

14.  Sinker,  lumber,  alligator,  younger,  bankers,  hanker. 

15.  Neutral,  central,  falter,  elder,  adulterate,  unlettered. 

INITIAL  HOOKS 

Very  frequently  the  sound  of  L  or  R  follows  the  sound  of 
another  consonant  without  a  prominent  vowel  between  the  two 
consonant  sounds,  and  in  order  to  still  further  increase  the 
rapidity  of  writing,  it  is  found  advantageous  to  represent  these 
sounds  by  small  initial  hooks,  called  the  L  and  R  hooks. 

An  initial  hook  is  sounded  after  the  consonant  on  which 
it  is  written,  and  cannot  be  used  when  a  long  vowel  is  sounded 
between  the  two  consonants. 

L  HOOK 

Rule. — A  small  initial  hook,  written  on  the  right  side  of 
P.  B.  T.  D.  Cha,  and  J,  and  on  the  upper  side  of  K  and  Ga, 
represents  the  sound  of  a  following  L. 

A  small  initial  hook,  written  on  the  inside  of  the  curved 
strokes,  F,  V,  Ith,  The,  and  Sha,  represents  the  sound  of  a  fol- 
lowing L.  Sha  with  the  L  hook  should  not  be  written  alone. 

A  large  initial  hook,  written  on  the  upper  side  of  Ra, 
and  on  the  inside  of  the  curved  strokes  M  and  N,  represents 
the  sound  of  a  following  L. 

27 


These  are  the  only  strokes  on  which  the  L  hook  is  written. 


EXERCISE 

1.  Play,  ply,  plea,  plum,  plate,  pledge,  pupil,  maple,  please, 
plus,  pedal. 

2.  Blow,  bleach,  pleat,  bubble,  babbled,  bliss,  place,  plight, 
chapel,  black,  block. 

3.  Plush,  pluck,  oblige,  placque,  puddle,  total,  double,  title. 

4.  Dabble,  stable,  pebble,  enable,  feeble,  tablet,  label,  tum- 
bled, placed. 

5.  Couple,  table,  suitable,  emblem,  gullible,  labeled. 

6.  Fiddle,  paddle,  cudgel,  club,  clay,  claw,  clash,  tickle. 

7.  Clerk,  closely,  cluster,  cackle,  knuckle,  tattle. 

8.  Pickle,  tinkle,  uncle,  fickle,  class. 

-   9.  Circle,  cable,  buckle,  enclose,  glass,  glow. 

10.  Clew,  glee,  claim,  glide,  globe,  gable,  glare,  clause. 

11.  vSmuggle,  tangle,  fly,  float,  flow,  flew,  baffle,  flower,  flay. 

12.  Flash,  flask,  bevel,  shovel,  bushel,  glue,  medical. 

13.  Barrel,  spiral,  mural,  official,  camel,  final. 

14.  Animal,  funnel,  channel,  kennel,  Blackwood,  hymnal. 

15.  Plural,  mackerel,  rural,  mammal,  flatters,  blusters. 

16.  Duplicated,  nominal,  essential,  sceptical,  flour,  flora. 

17.  Unpleasant,  Gloucester,  initial,  inculcate,  article,  blasts. 

18.  Publicity,  duplicity,  penalty,  vehicles,  closest,  blasted. 

19.  Legal,  illegal,  arrival,  flannel,  recollect,  gladly,  flail. 

20.  Icicle,  glassy,  glorious,  despicable,  rabble,  arable. 

R  HOOK 

Rule. — A  small  initial  hook,  written  on  the  left  side  of 
P,  B,  T,  D,  Cha,  and  J,  and  on  the  under  side  of  K  and  Ga, 
represents  the  sound  of  a  following  R. 

The  consonant  strokes,  F.  V,  Ith,  and  The  take  a  small 
initial  hook,  and  are  reversed  or  curved  in  the  opposite  direc- 
tion from  that  in  which  they  are  usually  written,  to  represent 
the  sound  of  following  R. 

28 


By  writing  a  small  initial  hook  on  the  inside  of  the  curved 
strokes  Ish  and  Zhe,  the  sound  of  R  is  added. 

A  large  initial  hook  is  written  on  the  inside  of  the  curved 
stroke  La  to  represent  a  following  R  sound. 

By  writing  a  small  initial  hook  and  shading  the  strokes 
M  and  N,  the  sound  of  a  following  R  is  represented. 

These  are  the  only  strokes  on  which  the  R  hook  is  written. 


EXERCISE 

1.  Pray,  pry,  paper,  press,  price,  prow,  reproach,  prime. 

2.  Process,  produce,  promise,  dipper,  brow,  praise,  break, 
brisk,  bread. 

3.  Brawl,  cheaper,  vibrate,  brackets,  labor,  tree,  trace,  trip. 

4.  Track,  trick,  tripe,  trim,  tray,  trouble,  treat,  trap,  truck,, 
traded,  betray. 

5.  Dram,  dream,  drag,  trickle,  dread,  dray,  dreary,  ledger. 

6.  Crow,   cry,   crust,   teacher,   preacher,   liquor,   checkered, 
poker. 

7.  Breaker,  maker,  smoker,  blacker,  crisp. 

8.  Credit,  knocker,  gray,  eager,  grasp,  picker,  grazed. 

9.  Free,  fray,  freight,  freak,  offer,  frame,  fruit,  frost,  frail. 

10.  Fresco,  sulphur,  lever,  lover,  author,  throw,  threw,  threat. 

11.  Either,  shriek,  shrew,  ushers,  measure,  shrivel,  thresher, 
humor,  tenor. 

12.  Calmer,  enrich,  tinner,  unrest,  plumber,  minor. 

13.  Color,  rumor,  thinner,  femur,  mineral,  cooler. 

14.  Druggist,  broker,  broadcloth,  promote,  promoter,  energy. 

15.  Addresses,  gravity,  trailing,  percentage,  preclude,  proceed. 

16.  Treasure,  unfavorably,  newspaper,  drilling,crafty,framed. 

17.  Fracas,  shrimp,  crippled,  crusted,  presentable,  worker. 

18.  Trifle,  privilege,  presented,  incredulous,  trusted. 

19.  Tropical,  utterly,  cleaner,  dinner,  finer,  grammar,  treaty. 

20.  Rubber,  arbor,  prayer,  prairie,  trail,  trolley,  Detroit. 

29 


LARGE  WA  HOOK 

Rule. — A  large  initial  hook,  written  on  the  right  side  of 
T  and  D  and  the  upper  side  of  K  and  Ga,  represents  the  sound 
of  Wa  immediately  following  the  sound  of  the  consonant. 

The  Iss  circle  may  be  written  inside  of  the  large  Wa  hook 
to  represent  the  sound  of  a  preceding  S. 

r  tv-.c- 


EXERCISE 

1.  Twice,  dwell,  twist,  inquest,  require,  equal,  twill. 

2.  Quest,  equip,  bequeath,  quorum,  inquire,  twitter. 

3.  Quiver,  queer,  equity,  quire,  quoth,  quizzed. 

4.  Quarrel,  quaker,  twinkle,  squaw,  quell,  squeal. 

5.  Quick,  quarry,  quill,  tweezers,  quailing,  quiet. 

6.  Request,  inquiry,  squash,  quake,  twitch. 

7.  Acquittal,  iniquity,  inadequate,  twirl,  quart,  twangs. 

8.  Liquidate,    qualifiedly,    equality,    acquired,    acquiesce* 
twisted. 

9.  Maguire,  quit,  quibbler,  guano,  quite,  quota,  Uraguay. 
10.     Likewise,  inquires,  inquiry,  inquirer,  quibble,  qualifiable. 

FINAL  HOOKS 

N  HOOK 

Rule.  —  A  small  final  hook,  written  on  the  left  or  under  side 
of  straight  strokes,  and  on  the  inside  of  curves,  represents  the 
sound  of  N.  It  cannot  be  used  when  N  is  the  last  consonant 
sound  in  a  word  followed  by  a  final  sounded  vowel. 

The  N  hook  is  read  always  before  the  shortening  and 
either  before  or  after  the  lengthening  principle. 
NOTE.  —  The  N  hook  may  be  attached  to  all  strokes. 


.v.  c  ( 


EXERCISE 

1.  Pain,  pin,  pan,  pawn,  pen,  pun,  pine,  bean,  bone,  boon, 
bin,  ban,  bun,  tin,  tan,  din,  tune,  ton. 

2.  Den,  dawn,  Dane,  down,  chain,  chin,  June,  join,  keen, 
cane,  coin,  cone,  kin. 

30 


3.  Gain,  gown,  fin,  fan,  fine,  fawn,  vain,  van,  vine,  thin,  then, 
than,  shown. 

4.  Shine,  shun,  lane,  loan,  loon,  line,  rain,  run,  Rhine,  Rhone, 
mean. 

5.  Main,  mine,  moon,  men,  nine,  noon,  pollen,  muslin,  felon. 

6.  Abstain,  assign,  barren,  slain,  ripen,  lemon,  sexton. 

7.  Reckon,  scan,  engine,  heathen,  refine,  festoon. 

'  8.     Paint,  tent,  pint,  bend,  mint,   faint,  rented,  tinted,  lint, 

tuned,  jointed,  meant,  round,  pinned,  find,  vent. 
9.     Render,    painter,    tendered,    return,    fender,    patterned, 
lender,  thundered. 

10.  Incline,  planted,  flown,  plain,  train,  French,  friend,  Span- 
ish, printer,  trained. 

11.  Payment,  fainting,  maintain,  finance,  crown,  trench,  prone. 

12.  Keystone,  violin,  obtained,  marine,  masculine,  chanted. 

13.  Fringe,  kind,  gallon,  management,  financial,  resident. 

14.  Mind,  plenty,  Lenten,  reminder,  earning,  foundry. 

15.  Men,  many,  pen,  penny,  bone,  bony,  down,  downy,  shine, 
shiny,  fun,  funny,  even,  avenue. 

16.  Imprint,  Washington,  Trenton,  Kentucky,  Vermont. 

17.  Twinge,  invented,  Maryland,  Monday,  Holland,  tenth. 

18.  Shipment,  arrangement,  account,  Pullman,  Germantown. 

19.  Quantity,  machinery,  remainder,  unknown,  evident. 

20.  Remain,  taken,  blacken,  quicken,  regiment,  oranges.      • 

21.  Iron,  run,  queen,  Nolan,  fountain,  ocean,  planter,  flounder. 


PHRASING 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  the  primary  object  to  be  at- 
tained in  writing  shorthand  is  as  great  speed  as  is  consistent 
with  legible  outlines.  To  this  end  words t may  be  "joined  to- 
gether" or  phrased,  and  the  words  of  most  frequent  occurrence, 
THE,  A,  AN,  and  AND,  are  joined  to  other  words  according 
to  the  following  rules : 

THE  is  represented  by  a  small  slanting  tick  at  the  end 
of  a  preceding  stroke,  written  in  the  direction  making  the 
sharpest  angle.  It  has  no  position  of  its  own,  and  should  not 

31 


be  written  alone.    When  THE  begins  a  sentence,  the  dot  word- 
sign  must  be  used. 

NOTE.  —  In  attaching  the  THE  tick  to  the  word-sign  of,  it  must 
be  slanted  to  the  left  in  order  that  the  resulting  outline  may  not  con- 
flict with  the  word-sign  /. 


I-         "-^K    I- 

L—  ,  I  _  /V-.U-. 


Of  the,  on  the,  should  the,  how  the,  with  the,  before  the, 
have  the,  is  the,  has  the,  see  the,  take  the,  took  the,  in  the,  was 
the,  for  the,  taken  the. 

A,  AN,  or  AND  is  represented  by  a  small  horizontal  or 
vertical  tick  written  at  the  beginning  of  a  following  stroke 
in  the  direction  forming  the  sharpest  angle.  It  has  no  position 
of  its  own,  and  should  not  be  written  alone. 


1 


And  with,  and  is,  and  has  the,  and  with  the,  and  have  the, 
and  think  the,  and  give  the,  a  few,  an  item,  an  attack,  a  dozen, 
and  attend  the,  and  see  the,  and  yet  the,  and  had  the. 

A  single  tick  may  be  joined  to  a  following  word  to  repre- 
sent the  pronoun  I  in  such  cases  where  the  complete  sign  can- 
not be  employed. 

When  I  begins  a  phrase,  the  outline  is  always  written  in 
the  first  position. 

N  hook  and  shortening  add  not  to  words  or  word-signs. 


I  was,  I  shall,  I  cannot,  I  have,  I  will,   I  am,   I  may, 
did  not,  do  not,  had  not,  was  not,  will  not,  have  not,  shall  not. 


F  OR  V  HOOK 

Rule. — A  small  final  hook,  written  on  the  right  and  upper 
side  of  straight  strokes,  represents  the  sound  of  F  or  V.  On 
curved  strokes,  this  hook  is  made  long  and  straight.  It  cannot 
be  used  when  F  or  V  is  the  last  consonant  sound  in  a  word  fol- 
lowed by  a  final  sounded  vowel. 

The  F  or  V  hook  may  be  written  on  all  strokes. 

The  F  or  V  hook  is  always  read  before  the  shortening. 

\\.  i.  \.//—  _^  w  a  r/  \  A 

EXERCISE 

i.     Beef,  pave,  puff,  tiff,  tough,  dove,  dive,  chief,  chaff,  cough, 

cove. 
2..  Five,  thief,  rave,  reef,  roof,  calf,  brave,  trough,  prove, 

drifted,  caved. 

3.  Crave,   serve,  craft,  bluff,   defence,   grove,   define,   tuft, 
definite,  cleft. 

4.  Toughen,   muff,   move,   knave,   tariff,   preserve,   positive, 
cleave. 

5.  Proven,  bereft,  deprive,  rove,  derive,  sheriff,  archive. 

6.  Effective,  negative,  Captive,  arrive,  believe. 

7.  Starve,  cuff,  observe,  giraffe,  skiff,  reserve,  remove. 

8.  Brave,  draft,  groove,  gaff,  grieve,  graft,  glove. 

9.  Cliff,  refrigerator,  obviate,  advances,  brevity,  dived,  divide. 

10.  Buffet,  deviate,  deficient,  plaintiff,  prospective. 

11.  Sensitive,  provoke,  laxative,  carafe,  definitely,  defenseless. 

12.  Taffy,  defy,  review,  survey,  coffee,  alcove,  deft,  defeat. 

SHON  HOOK 

Rule. — A  large  final  hook,  written  at  the  end  of  any  con- 
sonant stroke,  represents  the  sound  of  Shon  or  Zhon.  It  is 
written  on  either  side  of  straight  strokes  and  on  the  inside  of 
curves.  However,  when  a  straight  stroke  is  preceded  by  a 
circle,  loop,  initial  hook,  or  curved  stroke,  the  Shon  hook  is 
written  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  circle,  loop,  initial  hook,  or 
curved  stroke. 

33 


If  no  circle,  loop,  initial  hook,  or  curved  stroke  precedes 
a  straight  stroke,  the  Shon  hook  is  written  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  accented  vowel. 

The  Shon  hook  can  be  written  on  any  stroke  and  can  be 
used  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 


EXERCISE 

1.  Option,  passion,  action,  auction,  cushion,  potion,  edition, 
fashion,  vision,  optician. 

2.  Dictation,  attention,  exception,  section,  station,  erection, 
allegation. 

3.  Motion,  separation,  donation,  petition,  derivation,  remis- 
sion. 

4.  Reduction,  coalition,  operation,  fiction,  invasion. 

5.  Discussion,  incubation,  admission,  revolution,  inception. 

6.  Selection,    exhibition,   admiration,  .  elocution,    digression, 
fraction. 

7.  Oppression,  attrition,  preparation,  depletion,  occupation, 
reception,  execution. 

8.  Education,   extortion,    facilitation,   apparition,   imitation, 
solution. 

9.  Educational,   stationery,  auctioneer,   rational,  dictionary, 
additional. 

10.  Rustication,    ejection,    oxidation,    traction,    location,    ap- 
pellation. 

11.  Cohesion,  politician,  vacation,  adoration,  partition. 

12.  Intimation,  intention,  resumption,  suspicion,  applica- 
tion, repetition. 

13.  Moderation,  reformation,  renovation,  intoxication. 

14.  Dissipation,  degradation,  observation,  ruination. 

15.  Hessian,    repression,   aggregation,  aggression,   quotation, 
dissection. 

16.  Legislation,  infatuation,  crucifixion,  declaration. 

17.  Fermentation,  determination,  stimulation,  estimation. 

18.  Corporation,  international,  preservation,  exultation. 

34 


19.  Dispassionate,   defection,   vocation,   simulation,   assimila- 
tion, rogation,  irrigation. 

20.  Reaction,  specification,  predomination,  division. 

ISHN,  ESHN  OR  ASHN  HOOK 

When  the  sound  of  Ishn,  Eshn  or  Ashn  follows  the  Iss 
circle  at  the  middle  or  end  of  a  word,  it  is  represented  by  ex- 
tending the  Iss  circle  through  the  stroke  so  as  to  form  a  small 
half-circle  on  the  opposite  side. 

EXERCISE 

1.  Physician,  position,  incision,  decision,  musician,  recession, 

sensation,  accession. 

2.  Causation,    taxation,    imposition,    accusation,    recessional, 
oppositional,  sensational. 

3.  Possession,  opposition,  proposition,  apposition,  excision. 

4.  Secession,  supposition,  procession,  authorization. 

5.  Succession,  precision,  capitalization,  acquisition,  vexation. 

TRIPLE  CONSONANTS 

In  words  where  the  sound  of  S  precedes  a  double  con- 
sonant (forming  a  triple  consonant),  the  following  rules  must 
be  observed  : 

1.  The  Iss  circle  is  always  written  inside  of  the  L  hook  on 
straight  strokes  and  curves. 

*s  r  A._<L  e 

2.  The  R  hook  on  the  straight  strokes  is  closed  at  the  be- 

ginning by  the  Iss  circle,  Ses  circle,  and  Ste  loop. 

9  \\f^_ 


The  Iss  circle  is  always  written  inside  of  the  R  hook  on 
the  curved  strokes. 


35 


In  the  middle  of  a  word,  the  Triple  Consonant  is  used  ex- 
actly as  it  is  at  the  beginning,  with  the  following  exception : 

The  R  hook  cannot  be  closed  with  the  circle,  except  in  such 
cases  where  the  circle  formed  by  closing  the  R  hook  cannot  be 
mistaken  for  the  Iss  circle  alone. 


NOTE. — The  circles  and  loops  which  are  formed  on  die  left  and 
under  sides  of  straight  strokes  by  closing  the  R  hook  will  not  conflict 
with  the  circles  and  loops  alone  on  the  same  strokes,  as  the  latter  are 
written  on  the  right  and  upper  sides. 

EXERCISE 

1.  Splice,  subtle,  splutter,  settle,  supply,  satchel,  sable,  cycle, 
saddle,  supple,  civil. 

2.  Supper,    screw,    stray,    solder,    strew,    secrete,    street, 
saber,  straight,  cedar. 

3.  Supreme,  spring,  stream,  strike,  scrawl,  struck,  cypress. 

4.  Suppressed,  struggle,  soprano,  sprinkle,  stutter,  stabber, 
stouter. 

5.  Stupor,     screen,     scrap,     scrub,     stroke,     stroll,     strung, 
stretched. 

6.  Scribble,  sprig,  scrape,  strainer,  screech,  script. 

7.  Sinner,   simmer,   safer,   suffered,   sever,   cipher,  summer, 
signer. 

8.  Prostration,  possible,  extreme,  exclude,  exclaim. 

9.  Physical,  pastry,  expressed,  destroy,  prisoner,  display. 

10.  Discretion,    subscriber,    disagree,    subscription,    prescrip- 
tion. 

11.  Bicycle,  stopper,  massacre,  stoker,  stagger,  straddle. 

12.  Stretcher,  scribe,  stroll,  straws,  description,  tapestry. 

13.  Gossiper,  abstract,  gastric,  classical,  passable,  disable. 

36 


14-     Noticeable,  disturb,  Pittsburgh,  outstrip,  excursion. 
15.     Excrescence,  restricted,  distress,  poisoner,  personal. 

CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS  ADDED  TO  FINAL  HOOKS 

When  the  sound  of  S  is  heard  after  the  final  hooks,  it  is 
represented  by  writing  the  Iss  circle  inside  of  all  F  or  V  hooks, 
all  Shon  hooks,  and  inside  of  the  X  hook  on  curved  strokes. 


The  X  hook  on  straight  strokes  may  be  closed  entirely  by 
the  Iss  and  Ses  circles  and  the  Ste  and  Ster  loops.  The  hook 
is  read  before,  and  the  circle  or  loop  after,  the  shortening 
principle. 


The  sound  of  -ist  -est,  or  -ast  may  be  added  to  a  final  hook 
by  shortening  the  S  stroke  and  writing  it  either  upward  or 
downward. 

The  ishn,  eshn.  or  ashn  hook  may  be  written  after  an  N 
hook  which  has  been  closed  by  the  Iss  circle. 

EXERCISE 

1.  Puffs,   dives,   muffs,   caves,    roughs,   beefs,   chiefs,   cuffs, 
scoffs. 

2.  Lens,  fence,  fans,  veins,  lance,  oceans,  vines,  loans,  lanes. 

3.  Pins,  tense,  pains,  pounce,  tunes,  dance,  dunce,  bounce, 
dawns,  canes,  pines. 

4.  Expense,    instance,    wakens,    dispense,    rinsed,    response, 
happens,  pawns. 

5.  Danced,     pounced,     chanced,     tenses,     Kansas,     dances, 
chances,  pounces,  attains,  expenses. 

6.  Punster,  lances,  spinsters,  fenced,  cleansed,  lanced,  plants. 

7.  Vainest,     finest,     meanest,     leanest,     gravest,     roughest, 
plainest,  cleanest. 

8.  Droves,  swerves,  achieves,  trance,  preference,  cleanses. 

9.  Assigns,  references,  earns,  runs,  earnest,  finances,  fences. 
10.     Expensive,   elocutionist,  machinists,  violinist,  keenest. 

37 


IN,  EN  OR  UN  HOOK 

The  syllable  in,  en  or  un  may  be  prefixed  as  an  initial  hook 
before  any  stroke  beginning  with  the  Iss  circle,  by  writing  a 
small  half-circle  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  stroke.  This  form 
should  only  be  used  in  such  cases  where  the  stroke  N  would 
make  an  awkward  joining. 


EXERCISE 

1.  Enslave,  insult,  insulator,  unswayable,  unceremonious,  un- 
screw, unsettle. 

2.  Unstrung,  inspiration,  unsettled,  inscriber,  instrument,  un- 
salable, instruction. 

3.  Inseparable,  insolvent,  unseemly,  insurrection,  uncivil- 
ized, unstrain,  insolence. 

4.  Insolvable,  inscrutable,  insalubrious,  insolent,  insobriety. 

5.  Instructor,  unsupplied,  insuperable,  inscription. 


HOOK  AND  HALF  LENGTH  WORD  SIGNS 


Line  i. — Principal-ly-ple,  property,  probable-y,  practice, 
perform,  practicable,  surprise,  practical-ly,  liberty,  member- 
remember,  number,  satisfaction,  until. 

Line  2. — Deliver,  delivery,  during,  different-ence,  general- 
ly, difficult-y,  quality,  consequence,  other,  association,  from, 
over,  pleasure. 

Line  3. — Question,  electrical,  frequent-ly,  Mr.-remark, 
manner,  opinion,  United  States,  endeavor,  improvement,  care- 
ful-ly. 

Line  4. — Information,  influential,  notwithstanding,  never- 
theless, particular-ly,  able  to,  behind,  gentlemen,  gentleman, 
could,  catalogue,  good. 

Line  5. — Fact,  future,  immediate-ly,  somewhat,  amount, 
movement,  under,  hundred,  intelligent,  establish,  certificate, 
superintendent. 

PREFIXES 

Complete  syllables  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  may  be  rep- 
resented as  follows : 

Con,  com,  cog,  can,  or  cum,  by  a  dot  at  the  beginning  of 
an  outline  and  in  line  with  it. 

When  the  sound  of  con,  com,  cog,  can,  or  cum  occurs  be- 
tween two  consonants  or  words,  it  is  indicated  by  writing  the 
second  consonant  or  word  close  to  or  under  the  first. 

Circum  or  Self  may  be  represented  by  a  small  disjoined 
circle  in  the  second  position  of  the  following  consonant  and 
before  it. 

Magna,  magne,  or  magni  is  represented  by  M  disjoined 
over  the  following  stroke. 

(A  word  does  not  take  the  position  of  the  vowel  in  the 
prefix,  but  is  written  in  the  position  of  the  first  vowel  in  the 
body  of  the  word.) 

EXERCISE 

1.  Compose,  complain,  compress,  combine,  committee,  con- 
cern, convey,  contrive,  contain,  conclusion,  confuse. 

2.  Confine,  concession,  concave,  conceal,  condense,  conceit, 
concoct,  consultation. 

39 


3-     Condemn,  confection,  contract,  confidence,  compact,  con- 
fiscation, commence. 

4.  Construct,  commit,  consume,  compass,  convince,  comment, 
commutation,  competent,  completed,  compromise,  comply, 
contented. 

5.  Comparative,  contrast,  comparison,  contest,  contrivance, 
conquest. 

6.  Compulsion,    control,    communication,    commission,    con- 
tinue, consolidate,  contrary. 

7.  Accommodate,   decompose,   uncommon,   recompense,  un- 
concern, recommit. 

8.  Encompass,   reconstruct,   incomparable,   accomplice,    dis- 
continue, accomplish. 

9.  Circumstances,  circumspect,  circumvent,  circumflex,  cir- 
cumscribe, circumstantial. 

10.  Self-praise,  self-respect,  self-control,  self-restraint,  self- 
esteem,  self-sacrifice. 

11.  Self-defense,  self-confidence,  self-reproach,  self-deception, 
self-dependent,  self -protection. 

12.  Magnify,  magnitude,  magnetic,  magnificent. 

13.  Constitute,  constrain,  conveniences,  commend,  command. 

14.  Composition,  compensation,  conduce,  condensation. 

15.  Disconnect,  discomfort,  discontent,  encumbered. 

16.  Non-committal,  misconstrue,  recognition,  compatible. 

17.  Incompetent,  inconceivable,  incongruity,  inconspicuous. 

18.  Circumference,  circumvention,  circumjacent,  circumfuse. 

19.  'Self-evident,    selfish,    self-command,    self-accused,    self- 
made. 

20.  Magnesia,  magnetism,  magnificence,  magnificently. 


AFFIXES 

Complete  syllables  at  the  end  of  words  may  be  represented 
as  follows: 

Ing.  by  a  dot  at  the  end  of  the  stroke  and  in  line  with  it. 

Ings,  by  an  Iss  circle  disjoined  at  the  end  of  the  stroke 
and  in  line  with  it. 

40 


Any  word  or  word-sign  may  be  disjoined  at  the  end  of 
the  stroke,  and  in  line  with  it,  to  indicate  the  syllable  ing  and 
the  following  word. 

Lessness,  by  disjoined  La-Iss. 

Fulness,  by  disjoined  F-Iss. 

Ility,  elity,  or  ality,  and  erity  or  arity,  by  disjoining  the 
preceding  consonant  stroke  from  the  rest  of  the  outline. 

Ency  or  ancy,  by  disjoined  N  stroke. 

Ingly,  by  disjoined  J  tick. 

EXERCISE 

NOTE. — In  the  following  exercises  it  is  necessary  to  insert  only  the 
first  vowel. 

1.  Paying,  buying,  eating,   saying,   showing,  aching,  airing, 
laying,  chewing,  aiding,  dying. 

2.  Making,  arming,  joking,  reaching,  packing,  shaking. 

3.  Scrapings,   suitings,  writings,   bearings,  weddings,  work- 
ings, outings. 

4.  Thanking  you,  trusting  that,  asking  you,  setting  the,  keep- 
ing the,  touching  the,  having  the,  showing  you,  hoping 
that. 

5.  Hopelessness,      artlessness,     lawlessness,      harmlessness, 
thanklessness,  thoughtlessness,  boundlessness. 

6.  Faithfulness,     hopefulness,    lawfulness,    peacefulness, 
thankfulness,  skilfulness,  watchfulness. 

7.  Suitability,  capability,  legibility,  possibility,  vitality,  futil- 
ity, locality,  fidelity. 

8.  Dexterity,     popularity,    posterity,    prosperity,    disparity, 
temerity,  polarity. 

9.  Potency,  tendency,   stringency,   discrepancy,  competency, 
contingency,  agency. 

10.  Lovingly,    jokingly,    hesitatingly,    exceedingly,    know- 
ingly, laughingly. 

11.  Romping,  predominating,  demonstrating,  illustrating. 

12.  Soliciting,  obliging,  earnings,  brushings,  offerings. 

13.  Breaking  the,  knocking  the,  desiring  that,  sending  you. 

14.  Hoping  the,  asking  that,  requesting  you,  showing  that. 

4i 


15.  Recklessness,  listlessness,  groundlessness,  carelessness. 

16.  Mindfulness,  dreadfulness,  sinfulness,  responsibility. 

17.  Frugality,  exhaustibility,  principality,  formality. 

18.  Credibility,  hospitality,  reliability,  plausibility. 

19.  Rascality,  emergency,  exigencies,  consistency. 

20.  Alarmingly,  soothingly,  seemingly,  blushingly. 

COMMISSIONS 

The  following  sounds  may  be  omitted : 

T  after  S.     (Substitute  Iss  circle  for  Ste  loop.) 

N  before  Jr  or  M. 

The  L  hook  on  B  and  F  where  the  joining  will  not  permit 
it  to  be  used. 

These  omissions  are  only  used  where  the  joining  will  jus- 
tify it. 

EXERCISE 

1.  Mostly,    postal,   lastly,   mistake,    restless,   postage,   post- 
office. 

2.  Danger,    passenger,    stranger,    manager,    disappointment, 
entertainment,  attainment,  postponement. 

3.  Fashionable,    sensible,    accountable,    profitable,    feasible, 
peaceful,  graceful,  successful. 

4.  Customary,  customers,  ginger,  tenement,  postmasters. 

5.  Costly,  tasteless,  postpaid,  investigation,  atonement. 

6.  Honestly,  testimony,  priestly,  ornament,  breastpin. 

7.  Combustible,  boastful,  forcible,  accessible,  responsible. 

8.  Attainment,  obtainable,  insurmountable,  amenable. 

9.  Restful,  appointment,  disgraceful,  condensible. 

10.     Digestible,  extensible,  institute,  plunger,  assignment. 


BUSINESS    CORRESPONDENCE 

Write  the  following  letters  in  shorthand : 

Dear  Sir: 

I  regret  to  inform  you  that  your  account,  which  was  due 
on  the  first  of  December,  is  still  unpaid.  I  trust  that  you  will 
take  the  matter  up  at  your  earliest  possible  convenience,  as  it 
is  absolutely  necessary  for  me  to  have  the  money. 

Yours  truly, 

Gentlemen : — 

Enclosed  you  will  find  check  for  $134.08,  in  payment  of 
my  account  up  to  March  first.  I  will  send  you  a  check  for 
the  balance  of  the  amount  probably  in  about  a  week  or  ten 
days.  If  you  can  allow  me  an  extension  of  time,  say  about 
thirty  days,  I  will  greatly  appreciate  it. 

Yours  truly, 

Dear  Sir: 

We  have  your  favor  of  the  I7th  instant,  and  beg  to  thank 
you  for  the  check  you  enclose.  We  will  place  the  amount  to 
your  credit,  and  hope  to  do  business  with  you  in  the  future. 
Our  agent  will  be  in  your  town  sometime  this  week,  and  we 
will  telegraph  him  to  call  upon  you  and  show  you  our  new 
line  of  goods,  which  we  think  will  meet  with  your  approval. 
In  case  you  should  decide  to  favor  us  with  an  order,  we  will 
allow  you  the  same  terms  that  you  have  always  received. 

Yours  truly, 

Gentlemen : 

Your  favor  of  the  27th  instant  came  duly  to  hand.  Com- 
plying with  your  instructions,  we  will  forward  you  to-day  as 
much  of  your  order  as  we  have  here  just  now.  We  will  send 
you  the  same  per  Adams'  Express  as  usual.  Hoping  that  the 
goods  will  reach  you  safely,  we  remain, 

Yours  truly, 

43 


Dear  Sirs: 

In  reply  to  your  letter  of  the  2ist  instant,  we  would  say 
that  we  cannot  at  the  present  time  allow  you  the  10  per  cent, 
discount  asked  for.  Our  margin  of  profit  is  so  low  on  these 
goods  that  it  would  be  impossible  for  us  to  derive  any  benefit 
whatever  from  handling  them,  if  we  did  so 

Yours  truly, 


Gentlemen  : 

In  response  to  your  telegram  of  even  date,  I  desire  to  in- 
form you  that  present  prices  of  grain  will  prevent  me  from 
filling  the  balance  of  your  order  at  the  old  terms.  I  am  sorry 
that  such  is  the  case,  but  I  cannot  sell  you  at  a  loss.  If  you 
would  be  willing  to  arrange  a  new  scale  of  prices  with  me  I 
would  be  glad  to  make  an  appointment  with  you,  at  which 
time  we  could  thoroughly  discuss  the  matter  and  come  to  a 
definite  understanding.  Trusting  to  hear  from  you  soon,  I 
remain,  Yours  truly, 


44 


|v 

» 


-  --=rr    -[^ 


l&o 


-o L.C^ 


_.(..)_-  A—  <L  -.  _x_- 


.flL-P  ------  ^vj^v 

\  ^ 


-  ? 
\ 


Shorthand  Key 


to 


Preceding   Exercises 


JOINED  CONSONANTS 


JL, 


WORDS  OF  ONE  SYLLABLE 


L _\...N L...I....1 

,<•<•   " 

.a. 

V  /  ^f 

\3i.  _     ik n     _ 

/ 

T , ')  \  , 

t..V  ^^    "^ 

/8../^ -. I 

-x— •  V  A  IV 

r"      ~cA 

49 


BRIEF  S  OR  ISS  CIRCLE 


4 


p         /-"  X"   p 
•V     Y    7       r   P 

^__         _  V^_b--,6--__L-J--a_i 


p 

'    r 


f-:l-r- 


_3.__b_.  _> 


it--  J--- p -k_^ 


JQ.. 


IL. 


.5? 


STEM  S  AND  CIRCLE  ISS 


/.__ 


.a 


54 


STE  LOOP 


V. 


^ 


^£__. 


:n*:<«/_^-pN. 

J      .6 


^rr^ 


STER  LOOP 


=> 


.6L 


\g_ 


FINAL  ISS 


-v-    -^ 


BRIEF  WA 


6 

V 


S  AND 


|0          °>.  (° 

Jf^-j 


56 


BRIEF  YA 


1 


Jfc 


BRIEF  HA 


J. 


ED  TICK 


s\      __^=_±?__  3 

x^r^,  " "   ,0~ 


JL. 


57 


SHORTENING 


\        r 


-  -  ^7 


\ 


r 


o 


-v- 


1 


LENGTHENING 


.3.- 


L  HOOK 


59 


J3- 


/* 


R  HOOK 


_2 /  x 


60 


/    ^—    n    s .)  r-        •      ^^n    I- 

._9.a^^Nn  v  ..^..^.....r 


LARGE  WA  HOOK 


61 


N  HOOK 


«/ 


F  OR  V  HOOK, 


\ 
\. 


-L. 


.a.. 


\x*  V  .  M* 

>_<xT_          _x>_. 


-6. 


"V 


I 

A_  L  _3_._^_p_ 


SHON  AFTER  ISS 


TRIPLE  CONSONANTS 


^"l-l-V-T 


1 


i   'X 

*A  >          ^      4) 

.-I------X 


CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS  ADDED 


I 


;    :    -V-- 

OA  and.  ^ A 


" 


I 


J 


-  Of 


IN,  EN  OR  UN  HOOK 


N 


PREFIXES 


•cr\     I 

^  V 


66 


v      ^o^  Or  Or  •    ^ 

^P     °\       <^        >      Jl         I       c^. 

I.. ^ ~  ^ "     — : 


AFFIXES 


\ 

\»     V 


67 


fi          ^  v- 

1  p    -. v    i  1  ;  \ 

.*.../:..  LX.  -X    --v-  ,xv. 


V 


I 


OMISSIONS 


68 


THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 


A     000  573  610     3 


